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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Localized Evaporative Cooling Explains Observed Ocular Surface-Temperature Patterns.

Young Hyun Kim1,2,3, Joshua Lee2, Sarah M Yi3,4

  • 1Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley California, United States.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|August 7, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Localized cold regions on the cornea cool faster and evaporate more than warm regions. This study quantifies these differences in tear film evaporation and corneal temperature decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biophysics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • The corneal surface temperature and tear film evaporation are critical for maintaining ocular surface health.
  • Localized regions of tear breakup (LCRs) and unbroken tear film (LWRs) exhibit distinct thermal properties.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for diagnosing and managing dry eye disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the interblink corneal surface-temperature decline and tear-film evaporation rates in localized cold regions (LCRs) and localized warm regions (LWRs).
  • To compare these rates between LCRs and LWRs, and with the overall average corneal surface.
  • To clinically confirm the correlation between thermal properties and tear film integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Infrared thermography (FLIR A655sc) was used to measure corneal surface temperature history over 4 inter-day visits.
  • Temperature decline rates for overall, LCR, and LWR regions were analyzed.
  • Evaporation rates for LCR and LWR regions were calculated using the physical model of Dursch et al.

Main Results:

  • LCRs exhibited a statistically significant faster temperature decline rate (-0.08°C/s) compared to LWRs (P < 0.0001).
  • Evaporation rates also differed significantly between LCRs and LWRs (P < 0.0001).
  • At ambient temperature, LCR and LWR evaporation rates were 76% and 27% of pure water evaporation flux, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Infrared thermography successfully quantified significant differences in temperature and evaporation rates between LCRs and LWRs.
  • Results confirm that LCRs, associated with fluorescein breakup areas, experience higher local evaporation and faster cooling rates than LWRs.
  • This study provides the first clinical confirmation of these phenomena, linking lipid layer function to thermal dynamics on the ocular surface.