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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
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P-N junction01:11

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Electron transport through two interacting channels in Azurin-based solid-state junctions.

Ping'an Li1, Sudipta Bera2, Shailendra Kumar-Saxena3

  • 1Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron transport through proteins occurs via two coupled channels: a slow, redox-center-based channel and a fast, polypeptide-matrix-based channel. The fast channel dominates, but the slow channel controls transport through intramolecular gating.

Keywords:
(off)resonancebioelectronicscapacitive interactionsequentialtunneling

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Electron Transfer
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding electron transport through proteins is crucial for biological processes and bioelectronic devices.
  • Long-range electron transfer in proteins is fundamental to their function.
  • Solid-state metal-protein-metal junctions offer a platform to study protein conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electron transport pathways in dry metal-protein-metal junctions.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing electron transport through azurin protein ensembles.
  • To characterize the role of different protein components in electrical conductance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gold-bismuth junctions with immobilized azurin monolayers in nanopores.
  • Conductance measurements of the metal-protein-metal junctions.
  • Analysis of electron transport through interacting conducting channels.

Main Results:

  • Identified two interacting electron transport channels: a slow, Cu-center-mediated channel and a fast, polypeptide-matrix-mediated channel.
  • Transport occurs via sequential, noncoherent processes in the slow channel and direct, off-resonant tunneling in the fast channel.
  • Capacitive coupling between channels modulates transport, with the fast channel dominating but the slow channel acting as an intramolecular gate.

Conclusions:

  • Electron transport in protein junctions is a multi-channel process.
  • The protein's polypeptide matrix and redox center contribute distinctly to conductivity.
  • Intramolecular gating by the redox center significantly influences overall electron transport.