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Small-scale roughness entraps water and controls underwater adhesion.

Nityanshu Kumar1, Siddhesh Dalvi1, Anirudha V Sumant2

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Controlling underwater adhesion is challenging due to trapped water. Nanoscale surface features reduce adhesion during approach but increase it during retraction by deforming polymers around water pockets.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Adhesion Science

Background:

  • Underwater adhesion is crucial for various applications, including biological adhesives, tire traction, haptics, and health monitoring devices.
  • A fundamental understanding of how trapped water affects interfacial bonding is lacking, hindering progress in controlling underwater adhesion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of nanoscale surface features in controlling underwater adhesion.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which trapped water influences adhesion during both contact approach and separation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized well-characterized polycrystalline diamond surfaces with nanoscale features.
  • Employed soft, non-hysteretic, low-surface energy elastomers for contact studies.
  • Measured adhesion forces during both approach and retraction phases of contact.

Main Results:

  • Observed a reduction in adhesion during the approach phase.
  • Measured four times higher adhesion during retraction compared to the thermodynamic work of adhesion.
  • Demonstrated that nanoscale surface features govern adhesion by entrapping water during approach and influencing polymer deformation during retraction.

Conclusions:

  • The incompressibility and inextensibility of trapped water, along with the work required to deform the polymer around water pockets, explain the counterintuitive increase in adhesion during retraction.
  • This research provides a new scientific basis for tailoring surface topography to enhance underwater adhesion, distinct from viscoelastic effects.