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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Cortical tracking of language structures: Modality-dependent and independent responses.

Manli Zhang1, Lars Riecke1, Milene Bonte1

  • 1Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|August 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Neural tracking of basic language units like syllables is modality-specific. However, the brain processes more abstract units like words in a modality-independent way, crucial for language comprehension.

Keywords:
Frequency-taggingHierarchical language trackingModality-dependentModality-independentNeural oscillations

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Cortical tracking of auditory speech is well-studied.
  • Neurophysiological basis for tracking written language remains unclear.
  • Understanding language processing requires examining both auditory and visual modalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the neurophysiological substrates for tracking written language.
  • Compare neural representations of auditory and visual linguistic units.
  • Determine modality-specific versus modality-independent neural processing.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) responses.
  • Used a frequency-tagging approach to analyze neural representations.
  • Presented auditory and visual streams of syllables and real words.

Main Results:

  • Syllable tracking showed modality-dependent patterns (anterior for auditory, posterior for visual).
  • Word tracking involved a shared anterior region for both auditory and visual input.
  • This suggests modality-independent processing for words.

Conclusions:

  • Basic linguistic features (syllables) are processed in a sensory modality-specific manner.
  • Abstract linguistic features (words) are processed in a modality-unspecific manner.
  • Methodology can inform research on reading development and dyslexia.