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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.4K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

221
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
31
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

166
Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show...
166
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

286
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

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HSCT for systemic autoimmune diseases with neurologic involvement.

Tobias Alexander1, Renate Arnold2

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ Berlin) - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|August 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers immune renewal for severe autoimmune diseases. This treatment shows promising outcomes for rheumatic diseases with neurologic involvement, improving or resolving symptoms.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesNeurologic manifestationsStem cell transplantationSystemic autoimmunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neurology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has emerged as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases.
  • Immune renewal is the key mechanism behind HSCT's beneficial effects.
  • Rheumatic diseases with neurologic involvement are increasingly treated with autologous HSCT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on HSCT for rheumatic autoimmune diseases with neurologic manifestations.
  • To summarize the outcomes of HSCT in these patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical evidence.
  • Analysis of outcomes in patients undergoing autologous HSCT for rheumatic autoimmune diseases with CNS or PNS involvement.

Main Results:

  • HSCT is indicated for refractory autoimmune neurologic diseases like MS and NMO.
  • Rheumatic diseases such as SLE, vasculitides, and Behçet's disease with neurologic symptoms are growing indications.
  • Neurologic manifestations, including myelitis, optic neuropathy, stroke, and seizures, often improve or resolve post-HSCT, particularly in SLE.

Conclusions:

  • Autologous HSCT is a viable therapeutic option for select rheumatic autoimmune diseases with significant neurologic burden.
  • Treatment outcomes are variable but frequently positive, highlighting the potential for profound immune reconstitution.