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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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MicroRNAs: a symphony orchestrating evolution and disease dynamics.

Shan Quah1, Gowtham Subramanian1, Jonathan S L Tan1

  • 1A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore.

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|August 7, 2024
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Human diseases stem from our evolutionary history, with microRNAs (miRNAs) playing key roles. Targeting these evolved miRNAs offers promising precision medicine strategies for cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders.

Keywords:
cancerevolutioninflammationmicroRNAneurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular medicine

Background:

  • Human diseases often originate from evolutionary processes.
  • MicroRNA (miRNA) innovation has driven gene regulatory complexity.
  • Many prevalent diseases are linked to the evolved functions of miRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the pathogenic roles of miRNAs in human diseases.
  • To discuss the evolutionary context of miRNA functions in disease.
  • To review current and potential miRNA-targeting therapies for major diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on miRNA evolution and disease.
  • Analysis of miRNA roles in cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting miRNAs.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs are integral to the evolution of morphological complexity and gene regulation.
  • Dysregulated miRNA functions are implicated in cancer, inflammation-linked pathologies, and neurological disorders.
  • miRNA-based therapies show potential for precision medicine.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the evolutionary roles of miRNAs is crucial for comprehending human disease.
  • Targeting specific miRNAs presents a viable therapeutic avenue for diverse pathologies.
  • miRNA-based approaches are advancing precision medicine for complex diseases.