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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Continuous polyamorphic transition in high-entropy metallic glass.

Yihuan Cao^1,2, Ming Yang¹, Qing Du¹

¹Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.

Nature Communications

|August 7, 2024

Summary

High-entropy metallic glasses exhibit a continuous polyamorphic transition (CPT) upon heating, unlike conventional metallic glasses. This CPT, driven by high configurational entropy, allows for tunable glass structures and properties.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Glass Science
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Polyamorphic transition (PT) is crucial for tuning glass structure and properties.
Conventional metallic glasses (MGs) typically show a first-order PT.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the nature of polyamorphic transition in high-entropy metallic glasses (HEMGs).
To explore the role of configurational entropy in glass transitions.

Main Methods:

Heating HEMGs to observe structural evolution.
Analyzing atomic-level structural changes and chemical gradients.

Main Results:

Observed a continuous polyamorphic transition (CPT) in HEMGs without first-order characteristics.
CPT featured continuous structural evolution and increasing chemical concentration gradients.
High configurational entropy suppressed local favorable structures and chemical heterogeneity, limiting atomic diffusion.

Conclusions:

HEMGs undergo a CPT due to high configurational entropy, enabling tunable glass states.
This finding offers new avenues for understanding glass properties and designing novel materials.