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Viruses and immune reactions in the liver.

H C Thomas, M Pignatelli, L J Scully

    Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections involve complex immune responses. Chronic HBV infection shows immune evasion, while HDV accelerates liver disease progression in HBV patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Hepatology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections cause significant liver disease.
    • Immune responses, including antigen/antibody systems and T cell recognition, are crucial in managing HBV infection.
    • HDV requires HBV for replication and exacerbates liver pathology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the immunopathology of hepatitis B and delta virus infections.
    • To understand the immune mechanisms underlying acute and chronic HBV infection.
    • To elucidate the role of HDV in co-infection with HBV.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of immunopathology in HBV and HDV infections.
    • Analysis of antigen/antibody systems involved in viral neutralization.
    • Examination of cytotoxic T cell and NK cell interactions with infected hepatocytes.

    Main Results:

    • Specific antigen/antibody systems are vital for neutralizing HBV.
    • Cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected hepatocytes by recognizing viral determinants and HLA proteins.
    • Chronic HBV infection exhibits immune evasion due to failed interferon activation, leading to persistent viral replication and reduced HLA display.
    • HDV is cytopathic, always causing liver disease, and accelerates disease progression in HBV carriers.

    Conclusions:

    • The interplay between HBV/HDV and the immune system dictates diverse clinical outcomes.
    • Interferon resistance is a key factor in chronic HBV pathogenesis.
    • HDV superinfection in chronic HBV carriers leads to more rapid liver disease progression and specific anti-delta antibody responses.

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