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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Smart speakers and skill use: what do we know?

Paola Esquivel1, Kayden Gill1,2, Cheng-Shiu Chung1,2

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology
|August 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smart speakers offer potential benefits for individuals with disabilities, but real-world use is influenced by various factors. Further research is needed to ensure these smart technologies are designed accessibly for everyone.

Keywords:
Smart technologyblindnesslow visionmobility impairmentuniversal design

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Assistive Technology
  • Disability Studies

Background:

  • Personal smart technologies are increasingly integrated into daily life.
  • The usability and usefulness of smart speakers for persons with disabilities remain largely undetermined.
  • Smart speakers present potential for enhanced communication and smart home integration for disabled individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the experiences of individuals with disabilities using smart speakers and their functionalities (skills).
  • To identify factors influencing the adoption and use of smart speaker technology within this population.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative study design.
  • Gathering insights directly from individuals with disabilities regarding their smart speaker experiences.

Main Results:

  • Identified key themes including external influences on smart speaker use, barriers encountered, facilitators of use, and specific applications for individuals with disabilities.
  • Participant feedback highlighted a gap between the technology's potential and its real-world application.

Conclusions:

  • Smart speaker technology holds promise for supporting individuals with disabilities.
  • Continued research and development are essential to ensure universal design principles are applied, making smart speakers accessible to all users.
  • Addressing identified barriers and leveraging facilitators can improve smart speaker adoption and effectiveness for disabled individuals.