Microplastics in Indonesian land and aquatic environment: From research activities to regulation policies

Indonesia is suspected as one of the largest plastic waste contributors to the ocean, resulting in microplastic (MP) contamination of the marine environment. Likewise, >250 MP research in Indonesia have been published in the last decade, including review articles. However, a comprehensive review covering MP observations in all areas, i.e. land, freshwater, and ocean, and the regulation aspect in Indonesia remains unexplored. This review finds that the current MP studies are not sufficient to provide the big picture of MP distribution in Indonesia, suggesting the need for research guidelines and coordination among scholars in this field. In addition, the currently implemented local regulation in plastic item limitation should be supported by effective monitoring, sanction, and education for citizens, as well as investment in waste management facilities. Overall, this review suggests the improvement of MP studies and national regulation as countermeasures for MP pollution problems.