Comparative Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mixed With Herbal Extract as an Intracanal...

Objective In this study, zebrafish embryos are used to study the cytotoxic effects of a novel intracanal medication (ICM) based on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) loaded with polyherbal extracts (Azadirachta indica and Solanum xanthocarpum). Material and methods In the present study, a green and sustainable method was employed for the synthesis of ZnO NPs mixed with bark and seed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Solanum xanthocarpum to be used as a polyherbal ICM. Formulation of ZnO NPs was confirmed with color change in mixture produced upon dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in distilled water followed by slow addition of sodium hydroxide solution and herbal extracts. The effects of these green synthesized ZnO NPs were evaluated through a zebrafish embryo toxicity test. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) of synthesized experimental doses of ZnO NP and compared with the control embryos. Toxicological endpoints, such as the zebrafish embryo's survival rate, hatching rate, and heart rate, were noted and described. Results A concentration-dependent increase in mortality rate and hatching delay followed by declined heart rate was observed in green synthesized ZnO NP-treated embryos. The maximum toxicity was observed with an increase in the concentration of 100 µg/mL of the experimental dose, and at a low concentration of 25 µg/mL, it does not effectively show any developmental alteration in zebrafish embryos. Conclusion A novel polyherbal ICM loaded with ZnO NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the heart rate, hatching, and mortality rate of the embryos. At optimal concentrations, the medication demonstrated minimal developmental malformations and cytotoxic effects, indicating its safety for use. However, increasing concentrations of the medication resulted in severe developmental malformations.