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Updated: Jun 17, 2025

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
Published on: September 12, 2018
Sascha Kremer1,2, René Rekers1,2, Ujjawal Sigar1,2
1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany.
Researchers developed a simple method to precisely measure interface resistance in hybrid solid-state batteries. This technique uses lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) with a lithium metal electrode to accurately evaluate heteroionic interface impedance, crucial for battery performance.
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