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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

150
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management01:29

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management

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Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a multifaceted approach to reduce symptoms, prevent exacerbations, improve overall health status, and slow disease progression. Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. Here is an overview of the primary COPD management strategies:
Smoking Cessation
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

2.8K
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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Long COVID science, research and policy.

Ziyad Al-Aly1,2, Hannah Davis3, Lisa McCorkell3

  • 1VA St. Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com.

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Long COVID, a complex condition affecting 400 million globally, has severe health and economic impacts. A coordinated global research and policy strategy is urgently needed to address this multisystem disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Multidisciplinary science
  • Infectious disease
  • Public health

Background:

  • Long COVID is a complex, multisystem disorder following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • It affects approximately 400 million individuals globally, causing severe disability.
  • The economic impact is estimated at $1 trillion annually, impacting global economies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current scientific evidence on Long COVID.
  • To assess the multifaceted impacts of Long COVID on health, economies, and global metrics.
  • To propose a future research and policy roadmap for addressing Long COVID.

Main Methods:

  • Interdisciplinary review of scientific literature.
  • Analysis of Long COVID's impact on individual health, healthcare systems, and economies.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of mechanistic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Long COVID involves multiple mechanistic pathways: viral persistence, immune and mitochondrial dysfunction, and microbiome dysbiosis.
  • The condition poses significant threats to individual well-being, health systems, and progress toward Sustainable Development Goals.
  • Current global research and policy responses are insufficient.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing Long COVID requires a coordinated global research and policy strategy.
  • Effective management of Long COVID is crucial for individual health, economic stability, and global health security.
  • Further research into mechanistic pathways and effective interventions is essential.