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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Single-Atom Iron Catalysts with Core-Shell Structure for Peroxymonosulfate Oxidation.

Jielei Fan¹, Ruoxue Wang¹, Xiaodong Zheng¹

¹Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 10, 2024

Summary

This study introduces a novel porous single-atom iron catalyst (FeSAC) using covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The FeSAC effectively degrades methylene blue dye using peroxymonosulfate (PMS), showing promise for environmental remediation.

Keywords:

covalent organic framework peroxymonosulfate porous material single-atom iron catalyst water pollution

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Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Published on: August 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Environmental Chemistry

Background:

Ketoenamine covalent organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit excellent chemical stability but suffer from limited surface area and structural rigidity, hindering their catalytic applications.
Developing high-surface-area catalysts is crucial for efficient chemical reactions, particularly in environmental remediation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize a porous single-atom iron catalyst (FeSAC) with a core-shell structure and high surface area by utilizing Schiff base COF nanospheres and ketoenamine COF nanosheets.
To enhance the specific surface area of the catalyst through sodium cyanoborohydride etching.
To evaluate the catalytic performance of the FeSAC in the degradation of methylene blue using peroxymonosulfate (PMS).

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a core-shell structured FeSAC using Schiff base COF nanospheres as the core and ketoenamine COF nanosheets grown on the surface.
Surface defect creation via sodium cyanoborohydride etching to increase specific surface area.
Catalytic degradation experiments using methylene blue and PMS, with kinetic analysis and radical quenching studies.

Main Results:

The synthesized FeSAC demonstrated a high degradation rate constant of 0.125 min⁻¹ for methylene blue using PMS.
The FeSAC/PMS system effectively degraded various pollutants across a wide pH range (4-10) with over 80% efficiency over four cycles.
Singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals were identified as the primary active species in the catalytic process.

Conclusions:

The developed porous FeSAC offers a promising solution for catalytic applications by overcoming the limitations of traditional COFs.
The FeSAC/PMS system exhibits high efficiency and reusability for pollutant degradation, indicating its potential for environmental remediation.
Understanding the active species involved provides insights for designing more effective advanced oxidation processes.