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Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

2.8K
Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
2.8K
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

17.9K
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
17.9K
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism01:13

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

7.8K
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
7.8K
Regioselective Formation of Enolates01:33

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

2.6K
As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates:  less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are  more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.
2.6K
Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism01:08

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism

3.6K
Regular Claisen condensation involves the synthesis of β-ketoesters by combining identical ester molecules bearing two α hydrogens in the presence of an alkoxide base. The reaction commences with the deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen by the base to form a resonance stabilized ester enolate. This nucleophilic ion then attacks the carbonyl center of another ester molecule to generate a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. Next, the expulsion of the alkoxide group from the...
3.6K
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

3.4K
Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
3.4K

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Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
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Kinetic Aspects of Esterification and Transesterification in Microstructured Reactors.

Xingjun Yao1, Zhenxue Wang1, Ming Qian1

  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microreactors enhance chemical engineering transfer and control for precise kinetic parameter determination. This review highlights advancements in measuring microreaction kinetics, especially for esterification and transesterification processes.

Keywords:
esterificationkinetic determinationmicrofluidicmicroreactorstransesterification

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Reaction Kinetics
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Microstructured reactors offer superior mass and heat transfer compared to conventional systems.
  • Precise microfluidic control in these reactors is crucial for accurate kinetic studies.
  • Understanding reaction kinetics is vital for optimizing chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in measuring microreaction kinetics.
  • To explore kinetic modeling, mechanisms, and equations for esterification and transesterification.
  • To discuss the integration of microreactors with advanced monitoring and control technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on microreaction kinetics measurement.
  • Analysis of kinetic modeling and intrinsic kinetic equations.
  • Examination of micro packed-bed reactors for optimized dispersion and kinetics.
  • Integration of microreactors with spectroscopic analyses for real-time monitoring.
  • Discussion of micro-process simulation software and control principles.

Main Results:

  • Microstructured reactors enable precise determination of reaction kinetic parameters.
  • Micro packed-bed reactors effectively combine micro-dispersion with reaction kinetics.
  • Advanced integration with spectroscopic methods allows for efficient data acquisition.
  • Online measurement, automation, and digitalization enhance kinetic studies.

Conclusions:

  • Microreactors represent a significant advancement for studying reaction kinetics.
  • The integration of microreactors with digital technologies offers vast potential for process optimization.
  • Future applications may leverage artificial intelligence for further advancements in microreaction kinetic analysis.