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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function.

Anna-Mariia Shulhai1, Roberta Rotondo1, Maddalena Petraroli2

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.

Nutrients
|August 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Proper nutrition and a healthy gut microbiome are crucial for thyroid health. Essential micronutrients and gut bacteria influence thyroid function, impacting hormone synthesis and overall well-being.

Keywords:
gut-thyroid axismicrobiomemicronutrientsthyroidthyroid hormonestrace elementsvitamins

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Thyroid function is intricately connected to nutrition via the diet-gut-thyroid axis.
  • Micronutrients play a vital role in thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout the lifespan.
  • Dietary habits significantly impact gut microbiota composition and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function.
  • To explore the relationship between gut microbiota and thyroid health.
  • To highlight the implications of nutritional imbalance for thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review of existing scientific literature.
  • It synthesizes current knowledge on the diet-gut-thyroid axis.
  • It examines the roles of various micronutrients and gut microbiota alterations.

Main Results:

  • Micronutrients (iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamins A & B12) are essential for thyroid hormone regulation.
  • Alterations in gut microbiota can lead to dysbiosis, micronutrient deficiencies, and impact thyroid function via immune and epigenetic pathways.
  • Nutritional imbalance is linked to thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism) and potentially autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer.

Conclusions:

  • A balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients is vital for maintaining thyroid health.
  • Understanding the diet-gut-thyroid axis is key to preventing thyroid-related diseases.
  • Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps concerning micronutrients, gut microbiota, and thyroid function.