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Related Concept Videos

Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement

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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions01:22

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Fluid flow analysis is critical in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and two principal approaches are used to describe this flow: the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. These methods offer different perspectives on monitoring and analyzing the motion of fluids, each with distinct advantages depending on the scenario.
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

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Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

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Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
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Bernoulli's Equation: Problem Solving01:16

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A Venturi meter is essential for measuring fluid flow rates in pipelines. It utilizes the relationship between fluid velocity and pressure described by Bernoulli's equation. When installed in a sewage system, the Venturi meter accurately determines the wastewater flow rate by measuring pressure differences.
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Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp
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Flow-Field Inference for Turbulent Exhale Flow Measurement.

Shane Transue1, Do-Kyeong Lee2, Jae-Sung Choi3

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel vision-based method to measure expiratory flow by analyzing thermal carbon dioxide (CO2) patterns. This non-contact approach can detect individualized breathing signatures and abnormalities for pulmonary diagnostics.

Keywords:
CO2 pulmonary evaluationUNET flow predictionflow field interpolationnon-contact pulmonary measurementpulmonary diagnostics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging
  • Pulmonary Diagnostics

Background:

  • Remote imaging offers a unique approach to pulmonary diagnostics by tracking natural breathing behaviors.
  • Existing methods often rely on chest and diaphragm movements, but this study focuses on thermal carbon dioxide (CO2) visualization of exhale flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel respiratory diagnostic tool for capturing and quantifying natural breathing using thermal CO2 exhale flow patterns.
  • To identify and measure key respiratory metrics including breathing rate, flow, and volume.
  • To establish a method for capturing individualized pulmonary traits through subtle respiratory signature analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A novel method was developed to isolate and extract turbulent exhale flow signals from thermal image sequences.
  • Flow-field prediction and optical flow measurement techniques were employed.
  • An inference model (FieldNet) was trained using clinical data to quantify exhale behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Expiratory flow measurements revealed individualized flow signatures in the initial cohort.
  • The proposed flow field model successfully isolated and analyzed turbulent exhale behaviors.
  • The system demonstrated the ability to measure anomalous respiratory behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed spatial flow analysis of thermal CO2 patterns can identify unique, patient-specific breathing signatures and abnormalities.
  • This research represents a significant step towards non-contact respiratory monitoring.
  • The technology directly measures effort-independent behaviors by analyzing exhaled CO2 airflow.