Olfactory Ecto-Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Modeling and Treating Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a condition in the brain that is marked by a gradual and ongoing reduction in memory, thought, and the ability to perform simple tasks. AD has a poor prognosis but no cure yet. Therefore, the need for novel models to study its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies is evident, as the brain poorly recovers after injury and neurodegenerative diseases and can neither replace dead neurons nor reinnervate target structures. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly those from the human olfactory mucous membrane referred to as the olfactory ecto-MSCs (OE-MSCs), have emerged as a potential avenue to explore in modeling AD and developing therapeutics for the disease due to their lifelong regeneration potency and facile accessibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current literature on isolating OE-MSCs and delves into whether they could be reliable models for studying AD pathogenesis. It also explores whether healthy individual-derived OE-MSCs could be therapeutic agents for the disease. Despite being a promising tool in modeling and developing therapies for AD, some significant issues remain, which are also discussed in the review.