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A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

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Lactate threshold evaluation in swimming using a sweat lactate sensor: A prospective study.

Hiroki Okawara¹, Tomonori Sawada¹, Daisuke Nakashima¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

European Journal of Sport Science

|August 10, 2024

Summary

A new waterproof wearable sensor accurately tracks sweat lactate (sLA) in real-time during swimming. This technology closely approximates blood lactate thresholds (bLT), aiding in performance assessment.

Keywords:

aerobic fitness assessment endurance metabolism technology

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Biomedical Engineering
Physiology

Background:

Assessing aerobic capacity is crucial for improving swimming performance.
Noninvasive, widely applicable technology for real-time monitoring is needed.
Lactate accumulation indicates exercise intensity and fatigue.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a technology for noninvasively visualizing real-time sweat lactate (sLA) changes during swimming.
To investigate the relationship between sweat lactate threshold (sLT) and blood lactate threshold (bLT).
To validate the relevance of sLT and bLT to swimming performance.

Main Methods:

Prospective study with 24 university swimmers in a swimming flume.
Incremental exercise tests with a waterproof wearable lactate sensor on the upper arm.
Measurement of heart rate (HR), blood lactate (bLT), and sweat lactate (sLA) to determine sLT.

Main Results:

Real-time sLA monitoring was achieved during vigorous swimming without delay or contamination.
sLA levels increased with increasing speed, correlating with heart rate.
Sweat lactate threshold (sLT) strongly correlated with blood lactate threshold (bLT) (r=0.824, p<0.01) with good agreement (mean difference: 0.08 ± 0.1 m/s).

Conclusions:

The developed wearable sensor enables accurate, real-time sLA monitoring during swimming.
The sweat lactate threshold (sLT) closely approximates the blood lactate threshold (bLT).
Both sLT and bLT are validated as relevant indicators of swimming performance.