On-site evaluation of DGT passive sampling for quantitatively measuring per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a...

The passive sampling technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is promising for monitoring emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). It is urgent to evaluate the impacts of salinity and exposure time on DGT sampling before it can be set as a standard method. Herein, DGT sampler based on the binding gel of weak anion exchanger (WAX) resin was deployed in a representative water system of the Xiaoqing river-estuary-sea for representative sampling windows (<1 day to 28 days) with high pH (8.18 ± 0.04 to 8.51 ± 0.17) and wide ranges of salinity (0.95 ± 0.07‰ to 14.37 ± 3.92‰), total dissolved solids (1.20 ± 0.09 g/L to 15.29 ± 3.91 g/L) and dissolved organic matter (2.8-32 mg/L). The results showed that the WAX-DGT sampler exhibited good performance for most target PFAS except for short-chain perfluorocarboxylates (C ≤ 5) in 14 days. When the exposure time was over 14 days, biofouling of the sampler may deflect the mass accumulation of the PFAS in the sampler. Salinity played an important role in the mass binding of PFAS by DGT. The shorter the carbon chain of the compound, the greater the influence of the salinity. PFAS with carboxyl groups had greater affinities for the biofouled membrane filter than those with sulfonic groups. In the river-estuary-sea system, where PFAS concentrations changed dynamically, the temporal resolution of the monitoring strategy has been demonstrated to be more important than spatial resolution. DGT provided a better integral of PFAS exposure than grab sampling in the dynamic water system and offered equivalent sensitivity of grab sampling with exposure time <10 d and greater sensitivity with exposure time ≥10 d. Thus, DGT has the advantage of providing high temporal resolution monitoring. This study provided support for the standardization of the DGT technique.