Inference to the best neuroscientific explanation

Area of Science:

• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Philosophy of Science

Background:

• Reverse inference (RI) is commonly used by neuroscientists to link neural activation patterns to cognitive processes.
• The methodological validity of RI is debated, with criticisms focusing on its deductive invalidity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To defend reverse inference (RI) by framing it as inference to the best explanation (IBE).
• To analyze the criteria determining the quality of RI when viewed as an IBE.
• To establish a case-by-case approach for evaluating the warrant of RI in cognitive neuroscience.

Main Methods:

• Conceptual analysis of reverse inference (RI) within the framework of inference to the best explanation (IBE).
• Examination of methodological critiques of RI in cognitive neuroscience.
• Application of recent literature on IBE quality indicators to RI.

Main Results:

• Reverse inference (RI) can be defended as a form of inference to the best explanation (IBE).
• The quality and warrant of RI are contingent upon specific factors and require individual assessment.
• Established quality indicators for IBEs provide a framework for evaluating RI.

Conclusions:

• Reverse inference (RI) is methodologically defensible as inference to the best explanation (IBE).
• A case-by-case evaluation, guided by IBE quality indicators, is necessary to determine the validity of RI.
• This approach offers a nuanced perspective on the use of RI in cognitive neuroscience research.