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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Adaptation of the inferior temporal neurons and efficient visual processing.

Yukako Yamane¹

¹Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

|August 12, 2024

Summary

Repetition suppression (RS) in the inferior temporal cortex is a widespread visual processing phenomenon. This review explores RS in macaque monkeys, its link to visual adaptation, and potential circuit mechanisms.

Keywords:

adaptation efficient coding inferior temporal (IT) cortex predictive coding repetition suppression

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2025

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Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

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Published on: August 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Processing
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Inferior temporal (IT) cortex neurons exhibit selectivity for shapes, objects, and categories.
Neuronal responses are not static but influenced by visual experience, notably repetition suppression (RS).
RS is observed in IT neurons even without specific behavioral tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To review observed modulation types in IT neurons and properties of RS.
To discuss visual adaptation, efficient/predictive coding, and psychophysical aftereffects.
To explore conceptual implications, circuit mechanisms, and models of adaptation in visual processing.

Main Methods:

Observation of ventral visual neurons in macaque monkeys during free viewing and fixation.
Review of existing literature on IT neuron responses and repetition suppression.
Discussion of theoretical frameworks like efficient and predictive coding.

Main Results:

Repetition suppression (RS) occurs in IT neurons during naturalistic viewing conditions (free viewing).
This suggests RS is a widespread, default process in the visual system.
RS demonstrates short-term activity modulation in visual neurons.

Conclusions:

Repetition suppression is a fundamental aspect of visual processing, potentially linked to adaptation.
Understanding RS is crucial for deciphering visual system mechanisms.
Further research is needed on the circuit mechanisms and biological significance of RS.