Herbal nanoparticles: a targeted approach for neurodegenerative disorder treatment

Nanotechnology has significantly impacted human life, particularly in overcoming the limitations associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Various nanostructures and vehicle systems, such as polymer nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoliposomes, nano-micelles, lipid nanoparticles, lactoferrin, polybutylcyanoacrylate, and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, have been shown to enhance drug efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve pharmacokinetics. NDs affect millions worldwide and are challenging to treat due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Research suggests that natural ingredients can be formulated into nanoparticles, offering a promising approach for ND treatment. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of herbal-based nanoformulations, highlighting their potential effectiveness when used alone or in combination with other medications. Herbal nanoparticles provide benefits over synthetic ones due to their biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and potential for synergistic effects. The study's findings can be applied to develop more efficient drug delivery systems, improving the treatment of NDs by enhancing drug penetration across the BBB and targeting affected CNS areas more precisely.