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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
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Mapping the oral resistome: a systematic review.

Smitha Sukumar1, Zalmay Rahmanyar1, Hagaar Q El Jurf1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.

Journal of Medical Microbiology
|August 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are widespread in the oral cavity, with supragingival biofilm showing the highest diversity. Next-generation sequencing is crucial for a complete understanding of the oral resistome and its role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Keywords:
antimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial resistance genesoral cavityresistomesystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Understanding the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) within the oral cavity is essential for comprehending the overall oral resistome.
  • Individual niche studies are insufficient to represent the entire oral resistome.

Approach:

  • A systematic review was conducted, analyzing 580 English-language publications from January 2015 to August 2023 across five electronic databases.
  • Fifteen studies, employing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), were included.
  • Methodological heterogeneity precluded a meta-analysis.

Key Points:

  • 158 unique ARGs were identified across six oral locations: supragingival biofilm, subgingival biofilm, mucosa, oropharynx, root canal system (RCS), and saliva.
  • Supragingival biofilm exhibited the highest resistome richness, while the RCS had the lowest.
  • Tetracycline was the predominant antimicrobial resistance class, with three core genes identified: tet(M), tet(O), and ermB.

Conclusions:

  • The oral cavity harbors a diverse array of ARGs across various ecological niches.
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is indispensable for a comprehensive characterization of the oral resistome.
  • Further 'omics studies are needed to fully elucidate the scope of the oral resistome and its contribution to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).