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Updated: Jun 17, 2025
Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
Published on: April 14, 2016
Identifying pain profiles in employees including work-related factors and pain perceptions: a cross-sectional study
Stijn Keyaerts1,2, Lode Godderis3,2, Vero Vanden Abeele4
1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium stijn.keyaerts@idewe.be.
Objectives:
Studies usually investigate a limited number or a predefined combinations of risk factors for sickness absence in employees with pain. We examined frequently occurring combinations across a wide range of work-related factors and pain perceptions.
Design:
Cross-sectional study.
Setting:
Belgian companies that are under supervision of IDEWE, an external service for prevention and protection at work.
Participants:
In total, 249 employees experiencing pain for at least 6 weeks were included and filled out an online survey.
Outcomes:
Latent profile analysis was used to differentiate profiles of work-related factors (physical demands, workload, social support and autonomy) and pain perceptions (catastrophising, fear-avoidance beliefs and pain acceptance). Subsequently, profiles were compared on sociodemographics (age, gender, level of education, work arrangement, duration of complaints, multisite pain and sickness absence in the previous year) and predictors of sickness absence (behavioural intention and perceived behavioural control).
Results:
Four profiles were identified. Profile 1 (38.2%) had favourable scores and profile 4 (14.9%) unfavourable scores across all indicators. Profile 2 (33.3%) had relatively high physical demands, moderate autonomy levels and favourable scores on the other indicators. Profile 3 (13.7%) showed relatively low physical demands, moderate autonomy levels, but unfavourable scores on the other indicators. Predictors of profiles were age (OR 0.93 and 95% CI (0.89 to 0.98)), level of education (OR 0.28 and 95% CI (0.1 to 0.79)) and duration of sickness absence in the previous year (OR 2.29 and 95% CI (0.89 to 5.88)). Significant differences were observed in behavioural intention (χ2=8.92, p=0.030) and perceived behavioural control (χ2=12.37, p=0.006) across the four profiles.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the significance of considering the interplay between work-related factors and pain perceptions in employees. Unfavourable scores on a single work factor might not translate into maladaptive pain perceptions or subsequent sickness absence, if mitigating factors are in place. Special attention must be devoted to employees dealing with unfavourable working conditions along with maladaptive pain perceptions. In this context, social support emerges as an important factor influencing sickness absence.
