Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

12.7K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
12.7K
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.3K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.3K
Correlations02:20

Correlations

32.7K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
32.7K
Optimal Arousal Theory01:23

Optimal Arousal Theory

160
The optimal arousal theory suggests that performance is maximized when an individual experiences a moderate level of arousal. This theory is closely tied to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which illustrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance. The law, formulated by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson, implies an ideal arousal level for optimal performance, and deviations from this level can lead to declines in effectiveness.
Inverted U-Shaped Performance Curve
The...
160
Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

37.6K
When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
37.6K
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.4K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same journal

The role of psychological flexibility and sense of belonging in mitigating digital fatigue and enhancing academic resilience in higher education students.

BMC psychology·2026
Same journal

Childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation difficulties, and life history strategy: an integrated person-centered and network perspective.

BMC psychology·2026
Same journal

Therapeutic alliance in guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy: a thematic analysis of patients with non-cardiac chest pain.

BMC psychology·2026
Same journal

The prevalence of depression among patients with primary hyperhidrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMC psychology·2026
Same journal

Assessing acrimony and coparenting in dissolved relationships: validation of the BACS-8 and the MCS-DR in a Spanish sample.

BMC psychology·2026
Same journal

Sleep-related symptoms and cognitive fatigue are prominent in the multidimensional symptom network of children with malignant solid tumors: key targets and subgroup differences.

BMC psychology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

9.4K

Assessing the predictive validity of expectancy theory for academic performance.

Vahe Permzadian1, Ting Shen2

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA. vpermzadian@mst.edu.

BMC Psychology
|August 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Expectancy theory

Keywords:
Academic performanceExpectancy theoryMotivationValidity

More Related Videos

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
00:08

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.0K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

9.4K
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
00:08

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.0K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Organizational Behavior

Background:

  • Expectancy theory is a popular motivation framework in education and organizations.
  • Previous studies on expectancy theory's validity for academic performance yielded inconsistent results.
  • Methodological limitations in prior research, such as between-person designs, necessitated re-examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the predictive validity of expectancy theory for academic performance.
  • To evaluate expectancy theory's accuracy in predicting students' study effort.
  • To address methodological concerns in previous expectancy theory research.

Main Methods:

  • 123 undergraduate students reported final course grades and study effort via surveys.
  • Multilevel modeling was employed due to nested course grade data.
  • Self-report surveys measured study effort and other relevant variables.

Main Results:

  • Neither the valence nor the force model predicted final course grades.
  • A simplified force model (valence and expectancy) predicted study effort and final course grades.
  • The simplified force model demonstrated incremental validity beyond cognitive ability.

Conclusions:

  • The original force model of expectancy theory does not predict academic performance.
  • An alternative force model effectively predicts course grades and shows incremental validity.
  • Findings offer significant theoretical and practical implications for motivation research.