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Related Concept Videos

Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving

Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
Temperature is a key factor in CO2 solubility. In this case, the CO2 gas and the liquid are cooled to 20°C. Lower temperatures enhance...
Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

Bioreactor Design and Operational System

Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...

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Microfluidic Chips Controlled with Elastomeric Microvalve Arrays
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Programming Fluid Motion Using Multi-Enzyme Micropump Systems.

Jiaqi Song1, Jianhua Zhang2, Jinwei Lin3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface-anchored enzymes create fluid flow in microchambers. By controlling reactants, these enzyme pumps can direct fluid motion, enabling novel sensor applications and self-organizing flow systems.

Keywords:
buoyancy-driven convectioncatalysisenzyme pumpsfluid flowsensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Surface-anchored enzymes can generate fluid propulsion in microfluidic systems.
  • Understanding the interplay between catalytic reactions and fluid dynamics is crucial for advancing flow technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how coupled enzyme pumps regulate fluid motion.
  • To explore the potential of enzyme-driven flow for sensing and self-organizing systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of fluid flow patterns.
  • Numerical modeling to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
  • Utilizing reaction selectivity of enzymes to control fluid direction.

Main Results:

  • Enzyme pumps demonstrated flow enhancement, suppression, and directional reversal.
  • Fluid motion was triggered by specific reactants, acting as an "instruction set".
  • Solutal buoyancy was identified as the primary mechanism driving fluid motion.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-driven microfluidic systems offer tunable control over fluid dynamics.
  • These systems can function as reactant sensors based on flow speed and trajectory.
  • The study introduces a novel approach to creating self-organizing flow systems for nonequilibrium dynamics research.