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Functional and practical insights into three lactococcal antiphage systems.

Andriana Grafakou1, Cas Mosterd1, Paul P de Waal2

  • 1School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology
|August 13, 2024
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Summary

Three lactococcal antiphage systems, Rhea, Aristaios, and Kamadhenu, provide robust phage resistance in dairy fermentations. These plasmid-encoded systems can be transferred to sensitive strains, offering practical solutions to industrial phage challenges.

Keywords:
AbiLactococcusbacterial immunitylactic acid bacteriaphage defense

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Food Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bacteriophages pose a significant challenge to dairy fermentations, necessitating phage-resistant starter cultures.
  • Three plasmid-encoded antiphage systems (Rhea, Aristaios, Kamadhenu) were recently identified in lactococci.
  • These systems show promise for combating problematic lactococcal phages, particularly Skunavirus members.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To confirm the efficacy of Rhea, Aristaios, and Kamadhenu antiphage systems in a milk-based fermentation environment.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which these systems confer phage resistance.
  • To assess the transferability of these antiphage systems and their impact on phage resistance in recipient strains.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro testing of antiphage systems in milk-based media against Skunavirus phages.
  • Analysis of phage gene expression (replication, transcription, translation) in the presence of antiphage systems.
  • Conjugation experiments to transfer the Kamadhenu-encoding plasmid to recipient lactococcal strains.

Main Results:

  • Rhea, Aristaios, and Kamadhenu confirmed high phage resistance in milk, validating their industrial potential.
  • Rhea and Kamadhenu do not inhibit phage genome replication, transcription, or translation.
  • Aristaios interferes with phage transcription, while Kamadhenu plasmid transfer enhances resistance in recipient strains against Skunavirus.

Conclusions:

  • The characterized lactococcal antiphage systems offer effective resistance against prevalent phages, addressing a critical dairy industry need.
  • Understanding the mechanisms and transferability of these systems provides practical strategies for mitigating phage infections in industrial fermentations.
  • Mobilizing these natural defense mechanisms can lead to more reliable and robust dairy fermentation processes.