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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Applying Dynamic Strain on Thin Oxide Films Immobilized on a Pseudoelastic Nickel-Titanium Alloy
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Phase Transformation and Mechanical Behaviour of Different Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments.

Hee-Won Yum1, Soram Oh2, Hiran Perinpanayagam3

  • 1Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

International Dental Journal
|August 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The study found that ProTaper Gold (PTG) instruments offer superior cyclic fatigue resistance, ideal for curved canals, while EdgeTaper Platinum (ETP) instruments provide the highest torsional strength for narrow canals. Both are affected by NiTi alloy properties.

Keywords:
Artificial stainless-steel canalCyclic fatigue resistanceDifferential scanning calorimetryHeat-treated NiTi fileTorsional resistanceX-ray diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments are widely used in endodontics due to their unique properties.
  • Heat treatment significantly influences the phase composition and mechanical behavior of NiTi rotary instruments.
  • Understanding these influences is crucial for optimizing instrument design and clinical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the phase composition, phase transformation behavior, and mechanical properties of five different heat-treated NiTi endodontic instruments.
  • To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional properties of various NiTi instruments with different manufacturing processes and alloys.
  • To correlate the observed mechanical properties with the phase transformation temperatures and alloy composition.

Main Methods:

  • Five heat-treated NiTi instruments (ProTaper NEXT, ProTaper Gold, One Curve, EdgeTaper Platinum, NeoNiTi) and a control (ProTaper Universal) were tested for cyclic fatigue resistance (NCF) and torsional resistance.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine instrument geometry and fracture surfaces.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to determine phase transformation temperatures and phase composition.

Main Results:

  • ProTaper Gold (PTG) demonstrated the highest cyclic fatigue resistance (NCF) at 37°C.
  • EdgeTaper Platinum (ETP) exhibited the highest angle of rotation to fracture and ultimate torsional strength, indicating superior torsional resistance and stiffness.
  • DSC revealed austenite-finishing temperatures above 37°C for heat-treated instruments, while XRD showed distinct phase compositions (e.g., R-phase in ETP at 25°C, austenite in PTU at 25°C and 37°C).

Conclusions:

  • The mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic instruments are significantly influenced by their geometry, alloy type, and phase transformation characteristics.
  • ProTaper Gold (PTG) is recommended for severely curved canals due to its high cyclic fatigue resistance.
  • EdgeTaper Platinum (ETP) is suitable for narrow and constricted canals owing to its exceptional torsional resistance.