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Risk factors for severe disease in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infections

O Mendoza-Cano1, X Trujillo2, M Huerta2

  • 1Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Colima, km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán 28400, Colima, Mexico; Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Biocultura, Agroecología, Ambiente y Salud, Ex Hacienda Nogueras S/N, Nogueras 28450, Mexico.

Public Health
|August 14, 2024
PubMed

Insights

This study found that immunosuppression may protect children from severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease, while delayed healthcare seeking increases risk. These findings aid in managing RSV infections in young children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory illness in young children.
  • Severe RSV disease, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, necessitates hospital admission and can have significant public health implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors associated with the risk of severe disease in children aged 5 years or younger with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection.
  • To inform targeted intervention strategies for mitigating RSV impact.

Main Methods:

  • A nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted in Mexico.
  • Data from 2022 children aged 5 years or younger with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection between January 1, 2023, and May 15, 2024, were analyzed.
  • Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess factors associated with severe RSV disease.

Main Results:

  • The overall risk of severe RSV disease was 21.0%.
  • A personal history of immunosuppression demonstrated a protective effect against severe RSV disease (RR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.42).
  • Each additional day between symptom onset and seeking healthcare increased the risk of severe RSV disease (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.10).

Conclusions:

  • Findings highlight the importance of timely healthcare seeking for children with RSV symptoms.
  • Immunosuppression may confer protection against severe RSV outcomes, warranting further investigation.
  • These insights support risk stratification and the development of targeted interventions for RSV prevention and management in vulnerable pediatric populations.
Abstract

Keywords:
ChildRespiratory syncytial virus infectionsRisk assessment

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