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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The immune...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Antigen-specific T cells and autoimmunity.

Manuel Rojas1, Yeny Acosta-Ampudia2, Luke S Heuer3

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|August 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) involve immune system self-damage. Understanding antigen-specific T cells and their detection is key to developing targeted therapies and avoiding broad immunosuppression.

Keywords:
Antigen-specific T cellsAutoimmune diseasesAutoimmunityCross-reactivityPeptide-specific T cellsT cells clone

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (ADs) result from the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues.
  • T cells play a critical role in distinguishing self from non-self antigens, and disruptions in this process contribute to AD development.
  • Mechanisms like molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and neo-epitope formation can initiate autoimmune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate mechanisms underlying ADs.
  • To highlight the pivotal role of antigen-specific T cells in immune responses and disease progression.
  • To discuss novel strategies for identifying antigen-specific T cells and their potential therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoimmune disease mechanisms.
  • Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) specificity and affinity in autoimmunity.
  • Examination of current and emerging technologies for detecting antigen-specific T cells.
  • Consideration of factors like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and animal models.

Main Results:

  • T cell responses are dictated by TCRs recognizing peptide-MHC complexes.
  • Both high- and lower-affinity T cells contribute to autoimmune responses, challenging traditional clonal selection models.
  • Effective detection of antigen-specific T cells is crucial but remains challenging, with current technologies having limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting antigen-specific T cells offers a promising approach for precision treatments in ADs, minimizing systemic immunosuppression.
  • Further advancements in detection technologies and validation through models like HLA haplotypes are essential for clinical translation.
  • A deeper understanding of AD pathogenesis, particularly the role of T cells, is vital for developing effective and safe therapeutic interventions.