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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.5K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.5K
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.4K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
405
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

547
Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
547
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

352
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
352

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2025

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Carine E Hamo1, Colette DeJong2, Nick Hartshorne-Evans3

  • 1New York University School of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|August 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects many, especially older adults. Management focuses on guideline-directed therapies and managing risk factors like diabetes and hypertension to improve patient quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes nearly half of all heart failure cases.
  • Its prevalence is increasing due to the aging population, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Key risk factors include age, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
  • To discuss the multifaceted aspects of HFpEF, including its risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the impact of HFpEF on multiple organ systems and emphasize future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, risk factors, and clinical presentations of HFpEF.
  • Synthesis of information regarding diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and cellular/molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • HFpEF involves complex hemodynamic contributions like diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular dysfunction.
  • Cellular and molecular changes include inflammation, fibrosis, impaired nitric oxide signaling, and mitochondrial defects.
  • HFpEF affects multiple organ systems, including skeletal muscle, lungs, kidneys, and brain.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis of HFpEF requires identifying heart failure symptoms, elevated natriuretic peptides or congestion, and excluding mimics.
  • Management involves guideline-directed medical therapy and comprehensive comorbidity management.
  • Future research should prioritize improving the quality of life for patients living with HFpEF.