Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

7.5K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
7.5K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

67.9K
Overview
67.9K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

693
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
693
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

972
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
972
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

11.7K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
11.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration Consortium (DOCTRC): An infrastructure for accelerating regenerative therapies from discovery to clinical impact.

Journal of clinical and translational science·2026
Same author

Maternal inheritance of primary sex ratios in the dark-winged fungus gnat Lycoriella ingenua.

Heredity·2026
Same author

Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations in Underweight and Normal-Weight Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025
Same author

The ghost of infections past: Accounting for heterogeneity in individual infection history improves accuracy in epidemic forecasting.

PLoS biology·2025
Same author

The rise of open data practices among bioscientists at the University of Edinburgh.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Faster adaptation but slower divergence of X chromosomes under paternal genome elimination.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

977

Mitochondrial background can explain variable costs of immune deployment.

Megan A M Kutzer1, Beth Cornish1, Michael Jamieson1

  • 1Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|August 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The energy demands of immune responses vary based on mitochondrial genetics. This study reveals that mitochondrial variation significantly influences the fitness costs associated with immune system activation in fruit flies.

Keywords:
costs of immunityhost–parasite interactioninsectslife history evolutionmitochondriatrade-offs

More Related Videos

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells
06:55

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Published on: October 19, 2021

3.8K
Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

216

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

977
Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells
06:55

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Published on: October 19, 2021

3.8K
Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
06:07

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

216

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Organismal survival relies on effective immune responses to infection.
  • Immune defense is energetically costly, potentially impacting longevity and reproduction.
  • The influence of mitochondria on the costs of immunity remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mitochondrial variation in the costs of immune stimulation.
  • To determine if different mitochondrial genotypes (mitotypes) affect the fitness consequences of immune activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster cybrid lines with nine distinct mitotypes on a single nuclear background.
  • Exposed female flies to heat-killed bacteria (immune stimulation) or a sterile control.
  • Measured lifespan, fecundity, and locomotor activity as indicators of fitness costs.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant mitotype-specific costs associated with immune stimulation.
  • Identified a positive genetic correlation between lifespan and activity levels in immune-stimulated flies.
  • Demonstrated that the mitochondrial genome influences the magnitude of immunity costs.

Conclusions:

  • Costs of immune activation are highly variable and depend on the specific mitochondrial genome.
  • Highlights the crucial role of mitochondrial variation in host-pathogen interactions and organismal fitness.
  • Suggests that mitochondrial genetic background is a key factor in mediating trade-offs between immunity and other life-history traits.