[Vaccinations in pulmonary diseases - part 1: Covid and influenza]

SARS-COV-2 : During the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA-based vaccines were approved for the first time. The mRNA encodes for the viral spike protein, leading to the development of specific antibodies and T-cells, providing effective protection against severe illness and death from COVID-19. New variants regularly emerge due to rapid viral evolution. Available COVID-19 vaccines can be adapted to circulating variants. For the upcoming winter season, adapted vaccines against the Omicron sublineage JN.1 have been recommended. SEASONAL INFLUENZA : Seasonal influenza viruses change significantly with regard to their antigenic properties each season, necessitating updated vaccines. The WHO predicts and recommends which genetic variants should be included in the vaccine. Quadrivalent vaccines were recommended previously, but for 2024/2025, trivalent vaccines are advised as the Influenza B/Yamagata lineage has not circulated since 2020. For all people over 60 years of age, a high-dose vaccine is recommended, showing slightly improved efficacy.