Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

985
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
985
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

12.4K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
12.4K
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

16.4K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
16.4K
Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

86.9K
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within...
86.9K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

11.7K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
11.7K
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

2.6K
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Suppressing Mitochondrial ROS Production is Beneficial in Multiple Preclinical Models of Human Disease.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia·2025
Same author

Therapeutic potential of FGF19 in combatting osteosarcopenia: effects on muscle strength and bone health in aged male mice.

JBMR plus·2025
Same author

Evaluation of the effects of metformin on gut functions and microbiota and their contribution to improving glucose tolerance in diabetic mice.

Molecular metabolism·2025
Same author

A specifically designed multi-biotic reduces uremic toxin generation and improves kidney function.

Gut microbes·2025
Same author

Toxic microbiome and progression of chronic kidney disease: insights from a longitudinal CKD-Microbiome Study.

Gut·2025
Same author

Mitochondrial respiratory complex III sustains IL-10 production in activated macrophages and promotes tumor-mediated immune evasion.

Science advances·2025
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Fatty acid oxidase Ehhadh mediates stem cell fate remodeling via mitophagy activation" [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 248 (2026) 109-126].

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
Same journal

HDL/ApoA1 attenuates atherosclerosis by suppressing macrophage ferroptosis via NRF2-SLC7A11-GSH axis activation.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
Same journal

Salvianolic acid B mitigates neuronal ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats through a Piezo1-associated AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
Same journal

Myeloid specific knockout of Piezo1 alleviates ang Ⅱ-induced cardiac remodeling.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
Same journal

Microglia-derived exosomal miR-31-5p promotes type 2 diabetic retinopathy by impairing physiological angiogenesis homeostasis.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
Same journal

GPX1 Drives Cuproptosis-Ferroptosis Resistance in Cold Tumors.

Free radical biology & medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals
05:59

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

2.6K

Hypoxia decreases mitochondrial ROS production in cells.

Bijoya Sen1, Bérengère Benoit1, Martin D Brand1

  • 1Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|August 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute hypoxia decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells, contrary to previous reports. This finding suggests cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), not mitochondrial ROS, is crucial for stabilizing HIF1α.

Keywords:
HEK293HIF1αHydrogen peroxideNOXOxygen concentrationReactive oxygen speciesS1QELS3QELSuperoxide

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

10.1K
Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:19

Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals
05:59

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

2.6K
Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

10.1K
Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:19

Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Hypoxia Research

Background:

  • Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is often reported to increase during acute hypoxia.
  • The role of ROS in cellular responses to hypoxia, particularly HIF1α stabilization, remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the effect of acute hypoxia on cellular ROS production.
  • To investigate the contribution of different ROS-producing sites to hypoxia-induced responses, including HIF1α stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Amplex Ultrared/horseradish peroxidase assay and diacetyldichlorofluorescein assay to measure hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release.
  • Assessment of ROS production from mitochondrial complex I (site IQ), complex III (site IIIQo), and cytosolic NADH oxidases (NOX).
  • HIF1α reporter cell line to evaluate the impact of ROS production on HIF1α expression.

Main Results:

  • Acute hypoxia decreased H2O2 release from HEK293 cells, with no change in H2O2 degradation capacity.
  • ROS production rates from mitochondrial sites IQ, IIIQo, and cytosolic NOX were similarly reduced by acute hypoxia.
  • Suppression of ROS production from sites IQ, IIIQo, or NOX decreased HIF1α expression, similar to previous findings for site IIIQo.

Conclusions:

  • Increased mitochondrial ROS production does not drive the HIF1α response to acute hypoxia.
  • Cytosolic H2O2 derived from sites IQ, IIIQo, and NOX is necessary for HIF1α stabilization by other signals.