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Wheatstone Bridge01:29

Wheatstone Bridge

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An ohmmeter is a resistance-measuring device. It works by applying a voltage to a resistor of unknown resistance and measuring the current across the resistor. The resistance value is deduced using Ohm's law. Usually, the standard configuration of an ohmmeter comprises a voltmeter or an ammeter. However, such configurations are limited in accuracy because the meters alter the voltage applied to the resistor and the current that flows through it.
Thus, for accurate resistance measurements, a...
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The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

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Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.
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Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge01:15

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge

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The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
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Wattmeter based on tunnel-effect magnetoresistance sensor.

S Soriano-Díaz1, D Ramírez-Muñoz1, R García-Gil1

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Valencia, Avda. de la Universitat, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|August 16, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) technology offers a competitive sensing solution for electrical current and power processing. This study details a TMR Wheatstone bridge sensor, demonstrating its performance and integration into an electronic wattmeter.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) technology offers unique magnetoresistance properties.
  • Traditional current and power sensing methods face limitations in precision and isolation.
  • The Wheatstone bridge topology is a common configuration for sensitive measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of tunnel-effect magnetoresistance (TMR) technology for electrical current and power sensing.
  • To characterize the electrical and thermal performance of a TMR-based Wheatstone bridge sensor.
  • To develop and validate an electronic wattmeter utilizing TMR sensing technology.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a TMR sensor using a multi-layer stack of magnetic tunnel junction elements.
  • Characterization of sensor performance under DC and AC current conditions using a climatic chamber and specialized instrumentation.
  • Development of an electronic wattmeter circuit to interface the TMR bridge with an analog processor.

Main Results:

  • The TMR sensor exhibited a current sensitivity of 0.324 mV/A with specific thermal drift coefficients.
  • The sensor demonstrated accurate AC current measurements up to 10 Arms.
  • The developed electronic wattmeter achieved less than 1% deviation in power and current measurements for a 1.5 kW load.

Conclusions:

  • TMR technology presents a viable and competitive sensing approach for electrical current and power processors.
  • The characterized TMR Wheatstone bridge sensor offers stable performance across varying temperatures.
  • The integrated electronic wattmeter showcases the practical application of TMR sensors for accurate power monitoring with high voltage isolation.