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    This study introduces 3-D super-resolution passive cavitation mapping (3D-SRPCM) to monitor kidney stone treatments. This new method reveals accumulated impact pressure is key to optimizing laser lithotripsy (LL) stone damage and improving patient outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Acoustics
    • Medical Physics

    Background:

    • Kidney stone disease is a significant public health concern.
    • Laser lithotripsy (LL) is a primary treatment, relying on laser-induced cavitation for stone fragmentation.
    • Monitoring cavitation is essential for optimizing LL efficacy and stone damage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a novel 3-D super-resolution passive cavitation mapping (3D-SRPCM) technique.
    • To investigate the relationship between cavitation activities and stone damage during LL.
    • To enhance the efficiency and clinical outcomes of LL treatments.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of 3D-SRPCM for localizing cavitation bubbles with sub-diffraction accuracy (1/10th of the acoustic diffraction limit).
    • Implementation of a GPU-based sparse-matrix beamforming approach to accelerate 3D-SRPCM reconstruction speed by 300 times.
    • Application of 3D-SRPCM to study cavitation during LL on artificial kidney stones (BegoStones) in both free and confined (kidney phantom) environments.

    Main Results:

    • 3D-SRPCM successfully mapped cavitation bubble positions with high resolution and speed.
    • Dose-dependent analysis demonstrated that accumulated impact pressure on the stone surface strongly correlates with stone damage.
    • The study provided detailed insights into LL-induced cavitation dynamics in different environments.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D-SRPCM is a powerful tool for high-resolution cavitation mapping during LL.
    • Understanding cavitation dynamics through 3D-SRPCM can optimize LL treatment parameters.
    • This technology holds potential to significantly improve clinical LL efficiency and patient outcomes for kidney stone disease.