Trace element partitioning in a deep magma ocean and the origin of the Hf-Nd mantle array

Crystallization in Earth's deep magma ocean could have caused trace element fractionation in the lower mantle that might be inherited to the isotopic compositions of the present-day mantle. However, the trace element partitioning has been experimentally investigated only up to the uppermost lower-mantle pressures. Here, we determined the bridgmanite/melt partition coefficients D of La, Nd, Sm, Lu, and Hf from 24 to 115 gigapascals, covering the wide pressure range of the lower mantle. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in D_Lu and D_Hf from >1 to ≪1 with increasing pressure to 91 gigapascals. We also found D_Lu/D_Hf > 1 and D_Sm/D_Nd < 1 under deep lower-mantle conditions, evolving melts toward low Lu/Hf and high Sm/Nd ratios by crystallizing bridgmanite. If residual melts form a dense hidden reservoir in the lowermost mantle, the complementary accessible mantle has the Hf and Nd isotopic compositions matching the observed terrestrial mantle array that deviates from the bulk silicate Earth reference.