Experimental warming and drying increase older carbon contributions to soil respiration in lowland tropical forests

Tropical forests account for over 50% of the global terrestrial carbon sink, but climate change threatens to alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems. We show that warming and drying of tropical forest soils may increase soil carbon vulnerability, by increasing degradation of older carbon. In situ whole-profile heating by 4 °C and 50% throughfall exclusion each increased the average radiocarbon age of soil CO₂ efflux by ~2-3 years, but the mechanisms underlying this shift differed. Warming accelerated decomposition of older carbon as increased CO₂ emissions depleted newer carbon. Drying suppressed decomposition of newer carbon inputs and decreased soil CO₂ emissions, thereby increasing contributions of older carbon to CO₂ efflux. These findings imply that both warming and drying, by accelerating the loss of older soil carbon or reducing the incorporation of fresh carbon inputs, will exacerbate soil carbon losses and negatively impact carbon storage in tropical forests under climate change.