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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.3K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.0K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.0K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.5K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
4.5K
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

2.2K
Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
2.2K
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

2.7K
The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
2.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Spontaneous spatial-optimizing CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 over dynamically synergistic Cu-Bi pair.

Mengchen Wu1, Yang Yang1, Jing Zhao1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|August 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a Cu/Bi metal pair within UiO-66 for efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) electroreduction to ethylene (C2H4). The dynamic catalyst design optimizes intermediate interactions, boosting performance in flow cells.

Keywords:
CO(2) eletroreductionEthyleneMetal pairMetal-organic frameworkSpatial-optimizing

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 faces challenges due to intermediate instability and difficult C-C coupling.
  • Optimizing spatial arrangement of active sites is crucial for efficient electrocatalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a self-optimizing catalyst for CO2 electroreduction to C2H4.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of Cu/Bi active sites anchored in UiO-66.

Main Methods:

  • Anchoring ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-bonded Cu/Bi pairs within UiO-66.
  • Employing Ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations to visualize intermediate interactions.
  • Utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT) to elucidate catalytic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The Cu/Bi pair dynamically adapts to intermediates, facilitating CO2 activation and C-C coupling.
  • Cu site activates CO2 to *COOH, while Bi stabilizes dimers for hydrogenation.
  • Achieved a maximal C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 47% and current density over 100 mA cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • The UiO-66-EDTA/CuBi catalyst demonstrates a spontaneous spatial-optimizing strategy for CO2 electroreduction.
  • Dynamic metal-pair interactions enhance intermediate sorption and migration, leading to high C2H4 selectivity and productivity.