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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

3.7K
The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Evaluation of the Dysfunctional Scapula.

Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN.

Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery
|August 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A systematic physical examination of periscapular muscles can diagnose most scapular dysfunctions. This approach enhances confidence in evaluating shoulder pain and dysfunction for upper extremity surgeons.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Periscapular pain and dysfunction are common issues for upper extremity surgeons.
  • Evaluating scapular dysfunction can be challenging for clinicians.
  • A systematic approach is needed for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a systematic approach for evaluating scapular dysfunction.
  • To outline diagnostic methods for various scapular conditions.
  • To improve surgeon confidence in assessing periscapular issues.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic physical examination of periscapular muscles (inspection, motion, strength testing).
  • Inclusion of specific examination maneuvers for suspected conditions.
  • Utilizing imaging modalities like MRI, EMG, CT, and ultrasound.

Main Results:

  • A structured examination allows for diagnosis of most scapular dysfunctions.
  • Various conditions like trapezius palsy, serratus palsy, and snapping scapula can be identified.
  • Imaging and electrodiagnostic studies complement physical examination.

Conclusions:

  • A focused, systematic evaluation of the scapula builds surgeon confidence.
  • This approach aids in diagnosing and managing periscapular pain and dysfunction.
  • Improved diagnostic capabilities lead to better patient outcomes.