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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.

Physical Properties of Ethers

Physical Properties of Ethers

Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

The Halogen Bond to Ethers - Prototypic Molecules and Experimental Electron Density.

Annika Schmidt¹, Anna Krupp¹, Johannes Kleinheider¹

¹Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.

|August 19, 2024

Summary

This study explores halogen bonding with ethers, revealing new structures like trimolecular aggregates and supramolecular chains. Ethers demonstrate significant versatility as halogen bond acceptors in various arrangements.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Published on: September 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Halogen bonding interactions involving dialkyl ethers are not well understood.
Ethers are common organic molecules with potential as halogen bond acceptors.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize the first halogen-bonded noncyclic alkyl ethers.
To investigate the structural motifs and electronic properties of these novel halogen-bonded systems.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of halogen-bonded complexes using 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and various ethers.
Crystallization experiments to control stoichiometry and obtain different structural motifs.
High-resolution X-ray diffraction to analyze the electronic details of halogen bonds.

Main Results:

Two distinct structural motifs were obtained: discrete trimolecular aggregates and oxygen-bifurcated halogen-bonded supramolecular chains.
Selective formation of these structures was achieved by adjusting stoichiometry.
X-ray diffraction revealed the electrostatic nature of the interactions and the flexibility of the ether oxygen center.

Conclusions:

Ethers exhibit remarkable versatility as halogen bond acceptors, forming diverse structural arrangements.
The electronic properties and flexibility of ethers contribute to their role in halogen bonding.
These findings highlight the underestimated importance of ethers in supramolecular chemistry and natural structural designs.