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Is gender primacy universal?

Ashley E Martin1, Diego Guevara Beltran2, Jeremy Koster3

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 19, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gender is the primary social category for perceiving humanness, even in isolated communities. This study in Nicaragua suggests gender

Keywords:
culturegenderhumanizationsocial perception

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Gender is increasingly recognized as central to personhood and human perception.
  • Previous research indicates gender is the primary social category influencing humanization, but its universality is debated.
  • The precedence of gender over other social categories like race and age in social perception requires cross-cultural validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primacy of gender perception in humanization within the Mayangna community of Nicaragua.
  • To determine if gender's role in social perception is a culturally specific construct or a cross-cultural phenomenon.
  • To test the universality of gender's precedence over other social categories in attributing humanness.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-cultural study involving the Mayangna community in Nicaragua, a population with limited Western exposure.
  • Examined the attribution of social categories (gender, age, race, sexual orientation, disability, religion) to nonhuman objects.
  • Statistical analysis to determine the unique predictive power of each social category on perceived humanness.

Main Results:

  • The Mayangna community ascribed gender to nonhuman objects more strongly than any other social category.
  • Gender was the sole social category that uniquely predicted perceived humanness among the Mayangna.
  • This pattern of gender primacy in humanization was observed even in the most isolated subgroups, irrespective of Western cultural or media exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the hypothesis that gender's primacy in social cognition is a widely generalizable phenomenon.
  • The results suggest that the strong link between gender and humanization may be a cross-cultural, potentially universal, aspect of social perception.
  • This study extends previous research by demonstrating gender's perceptual primacy in a non-Western, indigenous population.