Exploring the water, sanitation and hygiene status and health outcomes in Zimbabwe: a scoping review protocol

The sixth United Nations Sustainable Development Goal emphasises universal access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) to ensure human well-being as a fundamental human right for sustainable development. In Zimbabwe, WASH reforms began more than a century ago from the preindependence to postindependence era. However, countries face pressing challenges in improving their related health outcomes. Therefore, this scoping review aims to explore WASH status and how it influences health outcomes in Zimbabwe.

The leading databases to be searched for relevant sources published in English with an unrestricted search back until May 2024 include PubMed, EBSCO, SAGE, SpringerLink, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and African Journals Online. A search string was developed for retrieving literature, and reports from key stakeholders in the WASH sector will be included in this study as grey literature. The study will employ a two-step screening process for identifying relevant literature incorporating Cohen's kappa coefficient statistics to estimate the inter-rater reliability between two independent reviewers using Mendeley and Rayyan software. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist for observational studies and the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist for randomised controlled trials will be used for the quality checks. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will guide this study in terms of data collection, extraction and analysis from relevant literature. Data charting was used to present and interpret the findings. The entire process is scheduled to commence in June 2024, with the manuscript anticipated to be submitted to a journal in October 2024.

This review will use only published data; therefore, no ethical clearance is required. The findings will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders through peer-reviewed journals, meetings, conferences, seminars and forums.