Technologies to improve sperm retrieval in men undergoing micro-TESE for NOA

Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is considered the most challenging clinical scenario for infertile men and current treatments leave many men unsuccessful at being able to achieve a pregnancy with their partner using their own sperm. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) is the choice for men with NOA desiring to father children with their own gametes. Micro-TESE results in the highest numbers of sperm cells retrieved for use with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. With suboptimal micro-TESE success rates of sperm retrieval and then pregnancy and live birth using the retrieved sperm with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection, advances to improve outcomes are necessary. This article comprehensively reviews the technologies investigated to date to improve the outcomes for men undergoing micro-TESE.