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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...

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Monitoring lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage polarization by surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Deniz Yılmaz1,2, Mustafa Culha3,4

  • 1Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.

Mikrochimica Acta
|August 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effectively monitors lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage polarization and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) phagocytosis. This label-free method reveals enhanced AuNP uptake by activated macrophages.

Keywords:
Gold nanoparticlesMacrophagesPolarizationSurface-enhanced Raman scattering

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Nanotechnology
  • Cellular Biology and Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Macrophages are critical innate immune cells, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens.
  • Understanding nanomaterial interactions with macrophages is vital due to their role in immunity.
  • Current methods for studying these interactions have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage polarization using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
  • To explore the potential of SERS as an alternative method for studying nanomaterial-macrophage interactions.
  • To analyze gold nanoparticle (AuNP) phagocytosis by activated macrophages.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, polarized with LPS.
  • Characterized macrophage polarization via nitrite release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.
  • Employed SERS to monitor spectral changes related to polarization and AuNP phagocytosis.
  • Exposed polarized macrophages to toxic doses of AuNPs.

Main Results:

  • SERS successfully monitored LPS-induced macrophage polarization.
  • Spectral changes correlated with molecular pathways activated by LPS.
  • Enhanced phagocytosis of AuNPs by LPS-activated macrophages was clearly observed via SERS.
  • SERS provided label-free, non-destructive monitoring of these cellular events.

Conclusions:

  • SERS is a powerful tool for studying macrophage polarization and its impact on nanomaterial interactions.
  • The study demonstrates enhanced AuNP phagocytosis by LPS-activated macrophages.
  • SERS offers a label-free, non-destructive alternative for analyzing complex nanomaterial-macrophage dynamics.