Single-molecule sensing inside stereo- and regio-defined hetero-nanopores

Heteromeric pore-forming proteins often contain recognition patterns or stereospecific selection filters. However, the construction of heteromeric pore-forming proteins for single-molecule sensing is challenging due to the uncontrollability of producing position isomers and difficulties in purification of regio-defined products. To overcome these preparation obstacles, we present an in situ strategy involving single-molecule chemical modification of a heptameric pore-forming protein to build a stereo- and regio-specific heteromeric nanopore (hetero-nanopore) with a subunit stoichiometric ratio of 3:4. The steric hindrance inherent in the homo-nanopore of K238C aerolysin directs the stereo- and regio-selective modification of maleimide derivatives. Our method utilizes real-time ionic current recording to facilitate controlled voltage manipulation for stoichiometric modification and position-based side-isomer removal. Single-molecule experiments and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the hetero-nanopore features an asymmetric stereo- and regio-defined residue structure. The hetero-nanopore produced was characterized by mass spectrometry and single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy. In a proof-of-concept single-molecule sensing experiment, the hetero-nanopore exhibited 95% accuracy for label-free discrimination of four peptide stereoisomers with single-amino-acid structural and chiral differences in the mixtures. The customized hetero-nanopores could advance single-molecule sensing.