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Benign Thyroid Nodule Interventions: A Review and Imaging Considerations for the Interventional Radiologist.

Tyler Park1, Timothy Huber2, Katherine Marchak3

  • 1University of Colorado, Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

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|August 21, 2024
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Summary

Thyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers an effective, minimally invasive treatment for benign thyroid nodules, reducing nodule size by up to 75% within a year. Thyroid artery embolization is an emerging alternative for specific patient groups.

Keywords:
TI-RADShyperfunctioning thyroid noduleinterventional radiologythyroid artery embolizationthyroid fine needle aspirationthyroid radiofrequency ablation

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Interventional Radiology

Background:

  • Benign thyroid nodules are common and can be treated with surgery or radioactive iodine.
  • Thyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) presents a minimally invasive alternative with a favorable risk profile.
  • Thyroid artery embolization is an emerging technique for nodule size reduction, especially for substernal goiters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review thyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules.
  • To discuss the preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural imaging relevant to RFA.
  • To explore the emerging role of thyroid artery embolization in managing thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid RFA and thyroid artery embolization.
  • Focus on imaging techniques used in RFA procedures.
  • Discussion of clinical applications and patient selection for both procedures.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid RFA demonstrates significant efficacy, achieving 67-75% volume reduction at 1 year.
  • RFA is a safe procedure with minimal side effects, often performed under local anesthesia or sedation.
  • Thyroid artery embolization is a viable option for patients unsuitable for surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid RFA is a well-established, effective, and safe minimally invasive treatment for benign thyroid nodules.
  • Thyroid artery embolization is an emerging minimally invasive option for specific patient populations with nodular goiters.
  • Both RFA and embolization offer alternatives to traditional thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine therapy.