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Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly

Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly

Published on: November 1, 2018

Hernia 3D training model: a new inguinal hernia 3D-printed simulator.

Paulo Henrique Fogaça de Barros¹, Camila Scivoletto Borges², Caroline Petersen da Costa Ferreira¹

¹Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)

|August 21, 2024

Summary

This study presents a cost-effective, anatomically accurate 3D printed model of the male inguinal region for surgical training. Surgeons found the 3D hernia model realistic and valuable for minimally invasive surgery education.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

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Area of Science:

Medical Simulation
3D Printing in Medicine
Surgical Education

Background:

Traditional surgical training methods have limitations.
Minimally invasive surgery requires specialized anatomical understanding.
3D printing offers potential for creating realistic anatomical models.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a 3D printed model of the male inguinal region for hernia repair training.
To assess the anatomical accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and usability of the 3D model.

Main Methods:

A 3D model was created using computed tomography scan data and 3D modeling software.
The model was 3D printed using polylactic acid and ethylene vinyl acetate.
Thirty surgeons of varying experience levels evaluated the model during simulated laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty.

Main Results:

The 3D printed model was found to be anatomically precise, realistic, and easy to use.
Twenty-eight surgeons completed the evaluation, with seven being hernia repair experts.
The model was considered a valuable supplement for minimally invasive surgery training.

Conclusions:

The 3D inguinal hernia model is anatomically accurate and cost-effective for surgical training.
It is particularly beneficial for surgeons early in their careers.
The model demonstrates significant potential for enhancing surgical education.