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Related Concept Videos

Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
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Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-myocardial disorders.

Otto A Smiseth1, Tom Kai Ming Wang2, Allan L Klein2

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.

European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging
|August 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction can be challenging due to non-myocardial disorders. This review covers pulmonary hypertension, electrical and pericardial diseases, and valvular issues impacting diastolic function.

Keywords:
atrial fibrillationdiastolic functionleft bundle branch blockleft ventriclepericardial pressurepulmonary hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) presents challenges.
  • Non-myocardial conditions can mimic or complicate HFpEF evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-myocardial disorders that pose diagnostic challenges in suspected HFpEF.
  • To differentiate these conditions from primary left-sided heart disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and discussion of relevant cardiovascular conditions.
  • Focus on pulmonary hypertension, electrical disorders, pericardial diseases, and valvular diseases.

Main Results:

  • Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension requires differentiation from post-capillary causes.
  • Electrical disorders (e.g., left bundle branch block) and atrial fibrillation impact diastolic function.
  • Pericardial and valvular diseases significantly affect left ventricular diastolic function.

Conclusions:

  • Non-myocardial disorders are crucial considerations in HFpEF diagnosis.
  • Accurate differentiation is essential for appropriate patient management and treatment strategies.